Clinical characteristics and epidemiology of pediatric cow's milk protein allergy: a multicenter cohort study in urban China.

Among 10,754 infants, 327 were diagnosed with CMPA, yielding a prevalence of 3.04%.

Independent associated factors included higher birth weight, winter birth, antibiotic exposure within the first 6 months of life, formula feeding, a family history of allergy, pet exposure during pregnancy, and maternal use of progesterone and vitamin A.

Exclusive breastfeeding and higher parental education were inversely associated with CMPA.

Longitudinally, the prevalence of food allergy and eczema decreased, whereas that of allergic rhinitis increased significantly after 5 years, suggesting a dynamic evolution of atopic manifestations over time.