Whole heart non-contrast 4D Flow MRI at 3.0T for clinical follow-up of congenital heart disease in children and adolescents.

Conventional two-dimensional phase-contrast (2D-PC) imaging is challenged by fixed planes, operator dependence, and multiple breath-holds, where four-dimensional flow (4DF) MRI overcomes these challenges.

Mean planning and acquisition time for WH-4DF was 10.3minutes (SD 1.1), where planning and acquisition time of 2D-PC was 11.2minutes (SD 6.25).

Aliasing was observed in 11% of the WH-4DF acquisitions but did not compromise interpretability.

Accelerated WH-4DF MRI is clinically robust and broadly applicable across congenital heart disease, including complex postoperative anatomies.