Short and long-term exposure to fine particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and meteorological factor and the risk of glaucoma: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study, distributed lag non-linear and Mendelian randomization models.

In contrast, NO 2 was significantly associated with short-term increases in glaucoma risk, particularly within a few days following exposure.

PM 2.5 demonstrated short-term effects, with a stronger risk observed during colder months, when pollutant levels were elevated.

PM 10 also exhibited a delayed impact on glaucoma risk, although its effect was less pronounced.

The study found no significant causal association with PM 10 or workplace (indoor) temperature exposure.