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Cohort studyInternational journal of biometeorology · 2026

Short and long-term exposure to fine particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and meteorological factor and the risk of glaucoma: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study, distributed lag non-linear and Mendelian randomization models.

Yeni Li, Ling Zhu, Miaomiao Lu … Xiaonan Li

OphthalmologyCohort study

Genetic evidence links higher nitrogen dioxide exposure to increased glaucoma risk

Short and long-term exposure to fine particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and meteorological factor and the risk of glaucoma: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study, distributed lag non-linear and Mendelian randomization models.

Yeni Li … Xiaonan Li

International journal of biometeorology · 2026

Background

Using distributed lag non-linear models (DLNM), the study first analyzed air pollution and temperature data in Shenyang (2013-2021), revealing that ambient temperature did not show significant short-term effects on glaucoma incidence.

Purpose

To assess causality, Mendelian randomization analyses provided genetic evidence that genetically predicted exposure to PM 2.5 (IVW OR = 1.367) and NO₂ (IVW OR = 1.463) were causally linked to an increased risk of glaucoma.

Results

genetic evidence links higher NO₂ exposure to greater glaucoma risk

1.367OR

PM2.5

1.463OR

NO2

More results

In contrast, NO 2 was significantly associated with short-term increases in glaucoma risk, particularly within a few days following exposure.

PM 2.5 demonstrated short-term effects, with a stronger risk observed during colder months, when pollutant levels were elevated.

More results

PM 10 also exhibited a delayed impact on glaucoma risk, although its effect was less pronounced.

The study found no significant causal association with PM 10 or workplace (indoor) temperature exposure.

“

Conclusion

It highlights the importance of environmental policies aimed at improving air quality, particularly for vulnerable populations such as smokers, and suggests further investigation into the underlying biological mechanisms of pollutant-induced glaucoma.

Post

Short and long-term exposure to fine particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and meteorological factor and the risk of glaucoma: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study, distributed lag non-linear and Mendelian randomization models.

Genetic evidence links higher nitrogen dioxide exposure to increased glaucoma risk

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