Increased Risk of Thyroid Cancer in Patients with Graves' Disease and Thyroid Nodules: A Retrospective Analysis.

Thyroid nodules were identified in a substantial proportion of GD patients, and among patients with thyroid nodules who underwent thyroidectomy, thyroid carcinoma was confirmed by histopathological examination in 11 of 42 cases (26.2%).

Increasing age was independently associated with higher cancer risk (r = 0.221, p = 0.004).

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (papillary thyroid carcinoma) was the predominant histological subtype, most commonly presenting as early-stage disease (pT1aNxR0).