First-in-human pilot study of a robotic-assisted system for image-guided trans-thoracic lung biopsy: Clinical feasibility and exploratory post-hoc AI trajectory analysis.

Operational efficiency improved significantly as operators gained familiarity, with median procedural durations decreasing from 61.4 min in the first ten cases to 30.5 min in the final ten cases.

Concurrently, median total radiation exposure significantly decreased from 427.3 mGy·cm to 303.7 mGy·cm between the early and late deciles.

Furthermore, exploratory modeling revealed a median angular deviation of only 3.5° between the operator's selected path and the closest automated alternative.