Dopamine Receptor D2 gene Polymorphisms rs2005313, rs4274224, and rs4938019 in Pakistani Patients with Schizophrenia:a Diagnostic Tool for Schizophrenia.

The research identified highly significant associations across multiple inheritance models, validating the technical robustness of the findings.

Conversely, rs4274224 demonstrated a significant protective effect, with a co-dominant OR of 0.23 (95% CI: 0.09-0.59; p = 0.0022), suggesting that the T allele confers genetic resilience.

Furthermore, among the investigated DRD2 variants, rs2005313 demonstrated significance primarily under the over-dominant inheritance model, whereas rs4938019 exhibited the strongest association under the recessive model (OR: 2.13; 95% CI: 1.15-3.94; p = 0.014).