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New research · Ophthalmology
Journal of clinical medicine · 19h
Cohort studyJournal of clinical medicine · 2026

Incidence and Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Study in NGHA, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Inam Ul-Haq, Hassan S Alqahtani, Naila A Shaheen … Maliha Rani
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OphthalmologyCohort study

Diabetic retinopathy developed at a rate of about 93 cases per 1000 patient-years in type 1 diabetes.

Incidence and Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Study in NGHA, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Inam Ul-Haq … Maliha Rani
Journal of clinical medicine · 2026
Background

Diabetic retinopathy (diabetic retinopathy) is a major microvascular complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and remains an important cause of preventable visual impairment.

Purpose

This study aimed to determine the incidence of diabetic retinopathy and identify associated demographic and systemic risk factors among patients with T1DM at a tertiary care center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included 449 patients with T1DM aged ≥9 years who were followed at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, between 2015 and 2025.

n = 449 patients
92.66
Results
92.66
per 1000 person-years
diabetic eye damage appeared often, showing regular eye exams are needed
n = 449 patients
More results

In multivariable logistic regression, older age at T1DM diagnosis, longer diabetes duration, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and albuminuria were independently associated with diabetic retinopathy.

Mean HbA1c and HbA1c variability were not independently associated with diabetic retinopathy after adjustment.

More results

In Cox regression, older age at T1DM diagnosis was associated with higher hazards of both diabetic retinopathy and vision-threatening DR, while hypertension was associated with vision-threatening DR.

“
Conclusion · 1 of 2

Diabetic retinopathy was common among patients with T1DM in this tertiary-care cohort and was mainly associated with disease duration, age at diagnosis, and systemic vascular comorbidities.

Conclusion · 2 of 2

These findings support the importance of routine ophthalmologic screening and integrated management of systemic risk factors in patients with T1DM.

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