Incidence and Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Study in NGHA, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

In multivariable logistic regression, older age at T1DM diagnosis, longer diabetes duration, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and albuminuria were independently associated with diabetic retinopathy.

Mean HbA1c and HbA1c variability were not independently associated with diabetic retinopathy after adjustment.

In Cox regression, older age at T1DM diagnosis was associated with higher hazards of both diabetic retinopathy and vision-threatening DR, while hypertension was associated with vision-threatening DR.