Privacy-Preserving Surgical Video Analysis with Swarm Learning - Results from a Multinational Appendectomy Cohort.

Weakly supervised deep learning enables the prediction of patient-level labels directly from surgical video data.

Swarm Learning facilitates privacy-preserving multicenter collaboration and achieves performance on par with centralized learning, highlighting its potential for advancing clinically relevant, collaborative artificial intelligence development in surgical video analysis.

(Funded by the European Union and others.).