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New research · Ophthalmology
Advances in ophthalmology practice and research · 5d
Cohort studyAdvances in ophthalmology practice and research · 2026

Association between regular hypnotic use and age-related macular degeneration.

Jianqi Chen, Shu Tu, Yingting Zhu … Yehong Zhuo
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OphthalmologyCohort study

Prolonged use of non-benzodiazepine sleep drugs is linked to higher age-related macular degeneration risk

Association between regular hypnotic use and age-related macular degeneration.

Jianqi Chen … Yehong Zhuo
Advances in ophthalmology practice and research · 2026
Background

Previous studies have confirmed the presence of benzodiazepine receptors in the retina, and exploratory research has suggested that the use of hypnotics may be linked to changes in retinal function and an increased risk of maculopathy.

Purpose

In this study, we aimed to investigate this association in the UK Biobank.

Methods

Sensitivity analyses were performed using traditional Cox proportional hazards regression on the original cohort, with additional subgroup analyses stratified by age group and sex.

n = 262 participants
Results

more than double the risk of developing this eye disease with long-term use

HR 2.15 (95% CI 1.23 to 3.74)
null 1
1.23
3.74
CI excludes the null - significant
More results

Following the propensity score matchings procedure, 1899 benzodiazepine users and 7557 non-users were selected from the benzodiazepines cohort, and 321 Z-meds users and 1284 non-users were selected from the Z-meds cohort.

More results

A total of 262 participants in the benzodiazepines cohort developed incident AMD during follow-up after propensity score matchings, compared with 49 participants in the Z-meds cohort.

Sensitivity analyses demonstrated consistent associations.

Subgroup analyses also indicated consistent associations across various categories.

“
Conclusion · 1 of 2

Prolonged use of Z-meds may elevate the risk of developing AMD.

Conclusion · 2 of 2

Given the increasing prescription of Z-meds for the treatment of insomnia, these findings underscore the necessity of considering potential ocular risks and requiring more frequent monitoring.

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