An ultrasound foundation model for the stratification of vision impairment and eye cancer risk.

Here, we present SonoEye, a vision-language ultrasound foundation model for eye disease risk stratification, pre-trained on 215,356 image-text pairs from 70,452 patients using contrastive learning and fine-tuned with consensus-confirmed patient-level labels.

We established the Eye Reporting and Data System (Eye-RADS), a 4-tier risk stratification framework (normal, low-vision risk, high-vision risk, and tumor risk), demonstrating excellent Cohen's kappa agreement across internal (0.808) and external (0.677-0.685) test cohorts.