Clinical, Laboratory, and Radiological Predictors of Three-Month Outcome After Surgical Treatment of Acute…

Cohort studyJournal of clinical medicine· Jul 2026

Clinical, Laboratory, and Radiological Predictors of Three-Month Outcome After Surgical Treatment of Acute Extra-Axial Hematomas.

Bartłomiej Kulesza, Mateusz Krakowiak, Agnieszka Brzozowska … Ryszard Maciejewski

NeurotraumaCohort studyQ2IF 3.5

Higher admission GCS score strongly predicts favorable 3-month outcome after hematoma surgery

Clinical, Laboratory, and Radiological Predictors of Three-Month Outcome After Surgical Treatment of Acute Extra-Axial Hematomas.

Bartłomiej Kulesza … Ryszard Maciejewski

Journal of clinical medicine · Jul 2026 · Q2 in General Medicine

Background

Prognostic assessment in patients undergoing surgical treatment for acute extra-axial hematomas remains challenging.

Purpose

This study aimed to identify clinical, physiological, laboratory, and radiological factors associated with early functional outcome three months after surgery in this patient population.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 181 consecutive patients who underwent surgical treatment for acute extra-axial hematomas at two neurosurgical centers.

n = 105 patients

Results

each point higher on the GCS raises the odds of a favorable outcome

OR by subgroup · 95% CI

More results

An unfavorable outcome was observed in 105 patients (58.0%).

The presence of an epidural hematoma (OR = 5.77, 95% CI: 1.36-24.47; p = 0.018) was also independently associated with a favorable functional outcome.

More results

Conversely, traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (OR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.07-0.52; p = 0.001), hyperglycemia (OR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.05-0.78; p = 0.020), and low hemoglobin levels (reference: normal hemoglobin; OR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.06-0.54; p = 0.002) were associated with a lower likelihood of favorable functional outcome.

“

Conclusion · 1 of 3

Admission neurological status, represented by the GCS score, was the strongest predictor of 3-month functional outcome in patients undergoing surgical treatment for acute extra-axial hematomas.

Conclusion · 2 of 3

Hematoma type, hemoglobin level, traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, and hyperglycemia were also independently associated with outcome.

Conclusion · 3 of 3

These findings may improve early prognostic assessment; however, because of the retrospective study design and the lack of external validation, they should be interpreted with caution.

Clinical, Laboratory, and Radiological Predictors of Three-Month Outcome After Surgical Treatment of Acute Extra-Axial Hematomas.

Clinical, Laboratory, and Radiological Predictors of Three-Month Outcome After Surgical Treatment of Acute Extra-Axial Hematomas.

Related papers