Clinical and environmental risk factors for childhood developmental disabilities: A narrative review (1990-2025).

Modifiable risks include early-life clinical procedures and environmental/psychosocial exposures, but syntheses spanning 1990-2025, including the coronavirus disease 2019, remain limited.

To narratively review evidence on clinical and environmental risk factors for developmental disabilities in children < 18 years.

Clinical trials, cohorts, and population-based studies were thematically synthesized across clinical procedural and environmental/psychosocial domains.

Several cohorts reported increased developmental concerns during and after coronavirus disease 2019, particularly in communication and social-emotional domains.