Pharmacogenomics in oncology: mutation-targeted therapy and biomarker integration in non-small cell lung cancer.

Using comprehensive genomic profiling, clinically actionable driver mutations, such as EGFR, ALK, KRAS, BRAF, MET, ROS1, RET, and HER2, have been identified, making it possible to use targeted therapies that lead to improved progression-free and overall survival compared to chemotherapy.

A combination of predictive biomarkers such as PD-L1 expression, tumor mutational load, circulating tumor DNA, and immune gene signatures also narrows down patient selection to immunotherapy and combination therapies.