Prehospital Emergency Nurse competence and pain management in patients with acute abdominal pain: a retrospective observational study.

The PEN encounters showed higher rates of documented pain assessment, analgesia administration, and reassessment, with a higher proportion of patients having mild pain at the last documented assessment.

Differences related to age and prehospital interval were mainly limited to process measures. Further research is needed to clarify whether clinician competence and care processes translate into improved pain relief.