Advancements in markerless motion capture systems for upper limb functional assessment in stroke rehabilitation: A comprehensive review.

Markerless motion-capture technologies have emerged as promising, noninvasive tools for objective and quantitative movement assessment.

Relevant studies published between 2012 and 2025 were identified through PubMed, Scopus, IEEE Xplore, and Web of Science databases using search terms related to stroke, upper-limb motion, and markerless motion capture.

However, variations in study protocols, small sample sizes, and limited clinical validation continue to hinder widespread clinical adoption.

Markerless motion capture provides an accessible and objective approach for assessing upper-limb function after stroke.