In vivo imaging of lipid nanoparticle messenger RNA therapeutics: Current advances and emerging opportunities.

Liver and spleen accumulation dominate current systemic delivery profiles.

Particles in the 20-100 nm range generally favor efficient extravasation, cellular uptake, and lymphatic transport, while larger ones are gradually associated with reduced cellular internalization and increased reliance on cell-mediated transport to reach draining lymph nodes.

Collectively, the recent literature indicates that in vivo imaging can help connect biodistribution and functional delivery with lipid nanoparticles designs.