Comparative Assessment of Milled and 3D-Printed Hybrid Ceramics: Effect of Build Orientation on Specimen…

StudyEuropean journal of dentistry· Aug 2026

Comparative Assessment of Milled and 3D-Printed Hybrid Ceramics: Effect of Build Orientation on Specimen Strength versus Crown Fracture Resistance.

Nadaprapai Khwanpuang, Chayaporn Supachartwong, Chayanit Angkananuwat … Nantawan Krajangta

Orthopedic TraumaStudyQ2IF 2.5

Milled hybrid ceramic crowns resisted fracture better than 3D-printed hybrid ceramic crowns.

Comparative Assessment of Milled and 3D-Printed Hybrid Ceramics: Effect of Build Orientation on Specimen Strength versus Crown Fracture Resistance.

Nadaprapai Khwanpuang … Nantawan Krajangta

European journal of dentistry · Aug 2026

Purpose

This article aims to compare the flexural properties, fracture toughness, and fracture resistance of 3D-printed hybrid material (Varseosmile Crown plus, VS) at various build orientations versus milled hybrid materials (Cerasmart 270, CS, and Vita Enamic, E).

Methods

Specimens of 3D-printed material (VS) were fabricated at four build orientations (30, 45, 60, and 90 degrees; n = 10).

n = 10

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Results

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N

milled crowns withstood more bite force before fracturing than 3D-printed ones

n = 10

More results

E demonstrated the highest flexural modulus (26.79 ± 1.36 GPa).

VS had lower values in all test parameters of this study compared to CS and E.

More results

Among VS specimens, building orientation significantly influenced flexural properties and fracture toughness, with a 90-degree building orientation yielding optimal results (flexural strength: 111.49 ± 4.15 MPa, flexural modulus: 2.32 ± 0.10 GPa, fracture toughness: 1.05 ± 0.05 MPa·m 1/2 , and fracture resistance: 2,296.52 ± 282.81 N).

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Conclusion · 1 of 2

Milled hybrid ceramics demonstrated superior strengths to the 3D-printed specimens.

Conclusion · 2 of 2

While 90-degree orientation optimized strength in standardized specimens, this benefit did not translate to a significant improvement in the fracture resistance of cemented crowns, suggesting that clinical geometry and cementation may affect the effects of build anisotropy.

Comparative Assessment of Milled and 3D-Printed Hybrid Ceramics: Effect of Build Orientation on Specimen Strength versus Crown Fracture Resistance.

Comparative Assessment of Milled and 3D-Printed Hybrid Ceramics: Effect of Build Orientation on Specimen Strength versus Crown Fracture Resistance.

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