Personalized Orbital Fracture Repair: Enhancing 3D-Printed Titanium Mesh with Biomimetic 3D-Printed HAP-COL Frameworks.

Both samples showed dose- and time-dependent viability profiles within the acceptable limits of ISO 10993-5.

Sample 1 viability ranged from 70.62% (stock) to 89.72% (1/8) at 24 h, and from 77.28% to 93.63% at 48 h.

DISCUSSION: Both hydroxyapatite-collagen application techniques proved highly biocompatible and compliant with ISO 10993-5 non-cytotoxic safety limits.

However, the 3D-printed robocast layer (Sample 2) consistently outperformed the sprayed coating, exhibiting superior osteoblast viability and proliferation.