Six-Year Single Centre Experience with Frameless, Fiducial-Less Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinsons Disease: Accuracy, Outcomes, and Clinical Feasibility.

In this single-centre retrospective series, O-arm-navigated frameless and fiducial-less STN-deep brain stimulation was associated with favourable implantation accuracy, good motor outcomes, and a low complication rate.

In the absence of a contemporaneous control cohort, these findings should be interpreted as supporting the technical feasibility and clinical utility of this workflow rather than demonstrating superiority or non-inferiority versus frame-based deep brain stimulation.