The Effectiveness and Safety of Dural Puncture Epidural for Aged Patients Undergoing Orthopedic Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

At five minutes post-anesthesia, mean arterial pressure was significantly higher in the dural puncture epidural group than in the CSE group (88.2±7.0 mmHg vs 84.4±7.6 mmHg, P=0.018); however, no significant difference was found between the EPL and dural puncture epidural groups.

Additionally, there were no significant differences among all three groups regarding hemodynamic parameters at other assessed time points, incidence of adverse reactions, or anesthetic effects.