The Effects of Different Doses of Nalbuphine and Esketamine on Prevention of Emergence Agitation in Preschool Children Undergoing Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

The difference between Group N1 (21.21%) and Group E was not statistically significant (RR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.25-1.18; P = 0.354).

Exploratory repeated-measures analyses showed Group N2 provided superior analgesia and more stable heart rates postoperatively compared to Group E ( P = 0.004 for FLACC; P = 0.002 for heart rate).

Extubation times and adverse event rates were comparable across groups ( P = 0.482 and P > 0.999, respectively).