Diverging trends in neurodevelopmental disorder diagnoses among children aged below 16 years in Kazakhstan (2014-2024): a national registry study.

Among the 214,904 registered records, intellectual disability made up the largest share at 60.8%, followed by autism spectrum disorder at 20.9%, other developmental disorders at 17.1%, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder at 1.1%.

In contrast, other developmental disorders (-7.8%/year) and ADHD (-10.2%/year) declined, while intellectual-disability prevalence remained essentially stable (annual percent change -0.7%/year, not statistically significant).