Gut microbiota-derived trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and its association with neuroinflammation in migraine.

And objectives Migraine is a common primary headache disorder associated with neuroinflammation, with evidence implicating gut microbiota and metabolites in neurological mechanisms pathways.

Since trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), derived from dietary precursors by gut microbial metabolism, is associated with cardiovascular and neurodegenerative conditions, and its role in migraines is unclear, we aimed to evaluate whether serum TMAO level and related metabolites in migraine patients can be biomarkers.