Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: Safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines (2017-2025: An update) - endorsed by the European Society for Brain Stimulation (ESBS) and by the International Federation for Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN).

Safety is well-established for both bipolar and multichannel tES when applied up to 4 mA and up to 60 min per day.

Higher intensities and longer stimulation durations may also be safe.

Nevertheless, the number of studies using intensities above 4 mA or stimulating longer than 60 min is low.

Home-based use of treatments is growing rapidly, leveraging remote supervision to provide patients with greater access and enable repeated, sustained dosing paradigms.