Neurogenic bladder in the multiple sclerosis population: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence and a proposed evaluation algorithm.

Subtype analyses showed pooled prevalences of 39.1% for storage symptoms, 21.4% for voiding symptoms, and 40.9% for mixed symptoms.

Meta-regression did not identify significant associations between neurogenic bladder prevalence and age, EDSS, or disease duration.

Sensitivity and subgroup analyses indicated that heterogeneity (I² > 97%) was primarily attributable to differences in diagnostic definitions, assessment instruments, and study design rather than demographic or clinical characteristics.