The forehead and glabella show pronounced Cutibacterium relative abundance differences between acne and healthy groups: a regional facial 16S rRNA gene sequencing study.

At the whole-face level, acne subjects had a significantly higher relative abundance of Cutibacterium and Staphylococcus compared with healthy subjects.

Tax4Fun-based functional prediction suggested upregulated antimicrobial resistance and adaptation pathways, and downregulated core metabolic pathways, in acne-associated microbiota.