The burden of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome in high versus upper-middle-income countries: integrated analysis of trends, inequality, and risk factors.

We compared trends, demographic drivers, inequalities, efficiency gaps, and risk-factor signatures of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic-related burden in high-income countries (high-income countries) and upper-middle-income countries (upper-middle-income countries) from 1990 to 2023, with projections to 2038.

From 1990 to 2023, age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rates declined for ischemic heart disease by 57.06% in high-income countries and 33.07% in upper-middle-income countries, and for stroke by 57.73% and 61.70%, respectively.