Ophthalmic manifestations of Chiari malformation: a systematic review.

Thirty-two articles met the inclusion criteria, representing 41 individual patient cases.

The most common ophthalmic symptoms were diplopia (37%), decreased visual acuity (22%), and visual field loss (28%).

Diplopia often resulted from esotropia secondary to 6th nerve palsy, whereas visual acuity and field loss were secondary to papilledema.

Papilledema was reported in 27% of the pediatric cases but was the predominating finding among adults (n = 26).