Multimodal imaging for diagnosis and follow-up of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma: A systematic review and…

Meta-analysisGraefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie· Mar 2026

Multimodal imaging for diagnosis and follow-up of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Farhad Salari, Hanieh Fakhredin, Mahsan Samadi, Fariba Ghassemi

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Ocular OncologyMeta-analysisDiagnosisQ1IF 3.1

Vitreous opacity is the most common finding in primary vitreoretinal lymphoma, present in 90% of eyes.

Multimodal imaging for diagnosis and follow-up of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Farhad Salari … Fariba Ghassemi

Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology · Mar 2026 · Q1 in Ophthalmology

Purpose

To evaluate the imaging findings for diagnosis and monitoring of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (primary vitreoretinal lymphoma).

Methods

We performed a systematic search in PubMed and Embase databases to find eligible studies that reported the imaging features of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma.

n = 591 eyes

Results

checked for cloudy vitreous (gel inside the eye) - almost always present

Vitreous opacity

90%

Subretinal and retinal

45%

More results

The prevalence rates for The vitreous opacity at 79.68%, retinal pigment epithelium-Bruch's membrane infiltration (RBI) at 43.46%, and retinal pigment epithelium hyperreflective material (RPEHR) at 45.56%, fuzzy outer retina at 39.32%, subretinal hyperreflective material (subretinal hyperreflective material) at 39.68%, and pigment epithelial detachment (pigment epithelial detachment) at 15.26%.

More results

Leopard spots and multiple hypo-fluorescent spots were the most common findings in fluorescein angiography with pooled prevalence rates of 51.2% and 40.6%, respectively.

Hyper-autofluorescent lesions in primary vitreoretinal lymphoma had a prevalence of 75.5%.

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Conclusion · 1 of 2

Multimodal imaging has the potential to greatly improve the diagnosis and monitoring of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma.

Conclusion · 2 of 2

The vitreous opacity, RBI, RPEHR, confluent fuzzy outer retina, and subretinal hyperreflective material accompanied by shallow sub-RPE infiltration in optical coherence tomography, as well as leopard spots in fluorescein angiography and hypofluorescent spots with reversal pattern of fluorescence and concurrent hypocyanescent spots in indocyanine green angiography, are highly suggestive of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma diagnosis.

Multimodal imaging for diagnosis and follow-up of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Multimodal imaging for diagnosis and follow-up of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

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