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Cross-sectionalHealthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026

Development and Diagnostic Accuracy of a Novel Screening Tool for Early Detection of Pediatric Visual Impairment in Indonesian School-Aged Children.

Arya Ananda Indrajaya Lukmana, Tri Rahayu, Kianti Raisa Darusman … Nila Djuwita F Moeloek

OphthalmologyCross-sectional

A brief questionnaire accurately screens children for visual impairment

Development and Diagnostic Accuracy of a Novel Screening Tool for Early Detection of Pediatric Visual Impairment in Indonesian School-Aged Children.

Arya Ananda Indrajaya Lukmana … Nila Djuwita F Moeloek

Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026

Background

Uncorrected refractive errors (uncorrected refractive errors) are a primary cause of preventable visual impairment in children globally, impacting education and quality of life.

Purpose

This study aimed to develop and validate the CIPSEL questionnaire as a rapid, culturally adapted screening tool for identifying visual impairment consistent with possible uncorrected refractive errors among Indonesian school-aged children.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted in South Jakarta with 131 students aged 8-12 years.

n = 131 students

Results

questionnaire scores correctly told apart impaired vs normal vision most of the time

AUC 0.89 (95% CI 0.83 to 0.95)

CI excludes the null - significant

More results

Visual impairment was identified in 26 students (19.8%).

Mean CIPSEL scores were significantly higher in students with visual impairment (4.73) compared to those with normal vision (1.95).

A safety-first cutoff of 2.5 prioritized sensitivity (96.2%), while a balanced cutoff of 3.5 provided 80.8% sensitivity and 79.0% specificity.

More results

A tiered risk system (Low, Medium, and High) demonstrated a robust statistical association with actual clinical findings (Cramer's V = 0.534, p < 0.001).

“

Conclusion · 1 of 3

CIPSEL is a reliable and scalable screening tool for the early detection of visual impairment in Indonesian children.

Conclusion · 2 of 3

Its tiered risk stratification framework facilitates nuanced clinical decision-making and efficient resource allocation in school-based settings.

Conclusion · 3 of 3

Its accessibility for non-medical personnel and potential for digital integration support national efforts toward universal eye health.

Post

Development and Diagnostic Accuracy of a Novel Screening Tool for Early Detection of Pediatric Visual Impairment in Indonesian School-Aged Children.

A brief questionnaire accurately screens children for visual impairment

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