The Interpupillary Distance Differs Between Ethnicities and Associates with Horizontal Strabismus Patterns…

ReviewClinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)· 2026

The Interpupillary Distance Differs Between Ethnicities and Associates with Horizontal Strabismus Patterns: Evidence from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Zainab Zehra, Molly M Hagen, Lingchen Wang, Christopher S Von Bartheld

Pediatric OphthalmologyReviewQ1IF 2.6

Interpupillary distance is associated with the pattern of esotropia versus exotropia across ethnicities.

The Interpupillary Distance Differs Between Ethnicities and Associates with Horizontal Strabismus Patterns: Evidence from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Zainab Zehra … Christopher S Von Bartheld

Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026 · Q1 in Ophthalmology

Purpose

The interpupillary distance is a measure of the width of the orbit and is important for spectacle design and proper head-mounted displays in virtual reality.

Methods

We performed a systematic review that compiled 243 studies reporting the interpupillary distance and mapped the data geographically.

n = 243 studies

0.322

Results

0.322

eye spacing pattern explained about a third of ethnic differences in eye-turn direction

n = 243 studies

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Conclusion · 1 of 2

The mean interpupillary distance varies significantly between ethnicities. Orbital anatomical parameters contribute to diverse horizontal strabismus patterns.

Conclusion · 2 of 2

Our findings may aid in the design of appropriate spectacles and the optimal size of head-mounted displays, and help to better understand the pathogenesis of horizontal strabismus.

The Interpupillary Distance Differs Between Ethnicities and Associates with Horizontal Strabismus Patterns: Evidence from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The Interpupillary Distance Differs Between Ethnicities and Associates with Horizontal Strabismus Patterns: Evidence from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

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