Thyroid eye disease in paediatric Graves' disease: a case series from the Gulf region with comparison to…

Cohort studyInternational ophthalmology· Jun 2026

Thyroid eye disease in paediatric Graves' disease: a case series from the Gulf region with comparison to adults.

Fatema Mohamed Ali Abdulla Aljufairi, Kenneth Ka Hei Lai, Sayed Fadhel Hashem Jaafar Neama … Kelvin Kam Lung Chong

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OculoplasticsCohort studyDiagnosisQ2IF 1.8

Half of children with Graves' disease develop thyroid eye disease, usually mild.

Thyroid eye disease in paediatric Graves' disease: a case series from the Gulf region with comparison to adults.

Fatema Mohamed Ali Abdulla Aljufairi … Kelvin Kam Lung Chong

International ophthalmology · Jun 2026 · Q2 in Ophthalmology

Purpose

To characterize the demographic characteristics, clinical features, and severity of thyroid eye disease (thyroid eye disease) in paediatric patients with Graves' disease for comparison with an adult cohort in the Kingdom of Bahrain.

Methods

Were identified from physician-provided lists and verified using diagnostic codes and medical records from four nationwide centres.

n = 81

Results

50%

half of children examined developed eye disease, mostly a mild form

n = 81

More results

Among paediatric thyroid eye disease patients, 54.5% had bilateral disease and 81.8% had mild thyroid eye disease.

All patients were symptomatic, most commonly with periorbital bulging or swelling (81.8%).

Lid retraction (72.7%) and proptosis (63.6%) were the most frequent objective findings, whereas extraocular motility restriction was uncommon (18.2%).

More results

Compared with adults (n = 81), mild disease was more frequent in paediatric patients (81.8% vs 48.1%; P = 0.04), whereas lid lag was more common in adults (64.2% vs 18.2%; P = 0.01).

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Conclusion · 1 of 3

This study provides the first regional data on paediatric thyroid eye disease in the Gulf region, demonstrating that thyroid eye disease is common among children with Graves' disease and is predominantly mild in severity.

Conclusion · 2 of 3

Eyelid involvement and proptosis were the most frequent manifestations. Parental consanguinity was more common among children with thyroid eye disease, suggesting a possible genetic contribution.

Conclusion · 3 of 3

These findings emphasize the importance of routine ophthalmic screening in paediatric Graves' disease and highlight age-related differences in clinical presentation.

Thyroid eye disease in paediatric Graves' disease: a case series from the Gulf region with comparison to adults.

Thyroid eye disease in paediatric Graves' disease: a case series from the Gulf region with comparison to adults.

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