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New research · Ophthalmology
BMC ophthalmology · 1d
Meta-analysisBMC ophthalmology · 2026

The role of Trefoil Family Factor 1 (TFF1) as a potential marker for retinoblastoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Jawad Alqedra, Lina Elarnaut, Abdulrahman Bin Ethman … Muhammed Elhadi
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OphthalmologyMeta-analysis

Higher tumor TFF1 protein levels linked to lower risk of retinoblastoma affecting both eyes.

The role of Trefoil Family Factor 1 (TFF1) as a potential marker for retinoblastoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Jawad Alqedra … Muhammed Elhadi
BMC ophthalmology · 2026
Purpose

This study aims to evaluate the potential of Trefoil Family Factor 1 (TFF1) as a biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of retinoblastoma.

Methods

Our protocol was prospectively registered on PROSPERO (CRD420251126954).

n = 521 patients
Results

higher TFF1 means lower chance the cancer affects both eyes

RR by subgroup · 95% CI
null = 1
bilateral involvement
0.57
being diagnosed after the age of 3 years
4.26
sex
0.89
choroid invasion
0.99
no invasion
0.75
More results

Of the 152 articles initially identified, only 5 met the inclusion criteria, comprising a total of 521 patients with retinoblastoma.

More results

No statistically significant associations were observed with sex (RR = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.74,1.07; p = 0.2), choroid invasion (RR = 0.99; 95% CI: 0.9,1.08; p = 0.76) or optic nerve invasion including no invasion (RR = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.47,1.21; p = 0.24), pre-laminar invasion (RR = 1.13; 95% CI: 0.75,1.7; p = 0.55) or post laminar invasion (RR = 1.04; 95% CI: 0.89,1.21; p = 0.61).

“
Conclusion · 1 of 2

Retinoblastoma tumors with higher TFF1 expression were associated with a reduced risk of bilateral involvement and an increased likelihood of diagnosis after the age of 3 years.

Conclusion · 2 of 2

Although the associations with choroidal and optic nerve invasion were not statistically significant, TFF1 remains a promising candidate biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of retinoblastoma, particularly due to its absence in normal ocular tissue.

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