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Cohort studyOcular oncology and pathology · 2026

Disparities in Patients with Choroidal Melanoma between Black and Hispanic versus Non-Hispanic White Patients.

Charles Zhang, James K Park, Michael Y Zhao … Basil K Williams

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OphthalmologyCohort study

Black/Hispanic patients had higher risk of liver metastasis from choroidal melanoma.

Disparities in Patients with Choroidal Melanoma between Black and Hispanic versus Non-Hispanic White Patients.

Charles Zhang … Basil K Williams

Ocular oncology and pathology · 2026

Background

Choroidal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study used data from 2004 to 2025 within a federated electronic health record database.

n = 17,436 patients

Results

Black and Hispanic patients faced higher odds of melanoma spreading to the liver

RR 2.42 (95% CI 1.34 to 4.39)

null 1

1.34

4.39

CI excludes the null - significant

More results

After propensity score matching, primary enucleation within 90 days of diagnosis occurred in 5.2% of Black/Hispanic patients versus 3.8% of non-Hispanic white patients (risk ratio [RR] 1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.821-2.253, p = 0.2305).

More results

Cumulative rates of liver metastasis in the Black/Hispanic group were significantly higher than non-Hispanic white at 1 year (RR 2.42, CI: 1.336-4.387), 3 years (RR 1.96, CI: 1.246-3.083), and 5 years (RR 1.77, CI: 1.195-2.611) ( p < 0.01 for each).

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Conclusion · 1 of 2

In patients with newly diagnosed choroidal melanoma, Black/Hispanic patients had higher rates of metastatic disease and mortality.

Conclusion · 2 of 2

Previous history of choroidal nevus was associated with a lower risk of primary enucleation, metastatic disease, and mortality.

Post

Disparities in Patients with Choroidal Melanoma between Black and Hispanic versus Non-Hispanic White Patients.

Black/Hispanic patients had higher risk of liver metastasis from choroidal melanoma.

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