Comparative effectiveness of outdoor and exercise interventions for myopia control in children and adolescents: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

For refractive outcomes, visual tracking exercise ranked highest for improving spherical equivalent (MD 0.38 D, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.80; SUCRA 83.7%), followed by racket sports (MD 0.29 D, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.59; SUCRA 77.0%).

Subgroup analyses showed that increased outdoor time remained effective in children aged 8.5 years or younger and in interventions lasting more than 24 weeks.

Sensitivity analyses supported the robustness of the findings.