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AI / informaticsAsia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026

Multimodal foundation model assistance for differentiating primary open-angle glaucoma in highly myopic eyes.

Houfa Yin, Kaikai Zhao, Qi Miao … Kai Jin

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OphthalmologyAI / informatics

Artificial intelligence assistance modestly raised ophthalmologists' sensitivity for glaucoma in highly myopic eyes

Multimodal foundation model assistance for differentiating primary open-angle glaucoma in highly myopic eyes.

Houfa Yin … Kai Jin

Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026

Purpose

To develop and evaluate a multimodal foundation-model-assisted system for differentiating primary open-angle glaucoma (primary open-angle glaucoma) from non-glaucoma in highly myopic eyes and assessing whether artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence) assistance changes ophthalmologist diagnostic performance.

Methods

Model development used 603 eye-level cases (502 primary open-angle glaucoma, 101 non-glaucoma); a fixed 150-case set from 149 patients was used for internal test reporting and the paired reader evaluation.

n = 149 patients

Results

Artificial intelligence help raised how often doctors correctly spotted real glaucoma cases

68%

Sensitivity

91.3%

Specificity

More results

The final multimodal model achieved an AUC of 0.911 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.862-0.950) on the fixed 150-case set.

Reader-level diagnostic differences were not significant after multiplicity adjustment and were exploratory.

“

Conclusion · 1 of 2

In this internal retrospective study, the artificial intelligence-assisted phase showed numerically higher mean sensitivity, accuracy, confidence, and inter-reader agreement than the unaided phase, with unchanged mean specificity.

Conclusion · 2 of 2

Reader-level diagnostic differences were not statistically significant after multiplicity adjustment and should be considered exploratory. Prospective multicenter validation is required before clinical deployment.

Post

Multimodal foundation model assistance for differentiating primary open-angle glaucoma in highly myopic eyes.

Artificial intelligence assistance modestly raised ophthalmologists' sensitivity for glaucoma in highly myopic eyes

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