Glaucoma and cognition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitive metrics in glaucoma patients.

Exploratory study stratification suggested greater Mini-Mental State Examination reductions in developing countries (MD: -3.79; p < .001) than in developed countries (MD: -0.74; p > .05).

Despite lower Mini-Mental State Examination performance, scores remained above commonly used thresholds for CI.

Narrative synthesis found that MoCA-based studies demonstrated inconsistent findings without a clear difference between glaucoma and comparator groups.

Among domain-specific areas, deficits in verbal fluency, visuospatial skills, and memory were suggested.