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Cohort studyClinical & experimental optometry · 2026

Intraocular retinoblastoma features and treatment outcomes according to patient age at initial presentation.

Ibadulla Mirzayev, Ahmet Kaan Gündüz, Funda Seher Özalp Ateş

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OphthalmologyCohort study

Vitreous seeding is more frequent in retinoblastoma diagnosed after age 24 months.

Intraocular retinoblastoma features and treatment outcomes according to patient age at initial presentation.

Ibadulla Mirzayev … Funda Seher Özalp Ateş

Clinical & experimental optometry · 2026

Background

Clinical features and long-term treatment outcomes according to age at presentation in retinoblastoma patients treated with frontline intravenous chemotherapy have been reported from developed countries only.

Methods

The records of 185 retinoblastoma patients (94 bilateral and 91 unilateral) treated with frontline intravenous chemotherapy (6 courses of vincristine, etoposide, and carboplatin) between October 1998 and June 2024 were retrospectively reviewed.

n = 149 eyes

Results

vitreous seeding was more common when found after age 2

57.1%

>24 months

29.8%

≤24 months

More results

There were 102 (149 eyes), 36 (56 eyes), 17 (22 eyes), 16 (18 eyes), and 14 (16 eyes) patients in the ≤12 months, >12-≤24 months, >24-≤36 months, >36-≤48 months, and >48 months age groups, respectively.

More results

Of the 21 patients with a positive family history, 19 were in the ≤12-month age group, indicating a significant association with younger age at presentation ( p = 0.016).

With increasing patient age, intravitreal chemotherapy ( p = 0.001) and external beam radiotherapy ( p = 0.029) were required more frequently.

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Conclusion · 1 of 2

Retinoblastoma patients with a family history are diagnosed at earlier ages. The incidence of group D and E retinoblastoma increases in older ages.

Conclusion · 2 of 2

Starting chemoreduction at an early age allows for better tumour control and increases eye preservation rates. No deaths were observed among the patients included in the study.

Post

Intraocular retinoblastoma features and treatment outcomes according to patient age at initial presentation.

Vitreous seeding is more frequent in retinoblastoma diagnosed after age 24 months.

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