Prenatal opioid exposure, and health, social and educational outcomes for school-aged children: A systematic review.

Thirty-two papers comprising 16 studies were identified.

Quality was mixed: 17/32 papers had high/very high risk of bias, primarily stemming from longitudinal attrition and lack of controlling for confounding.

Five very high risk papers were excluded, leaving 27 included papers.

Papers spanned 10 countries, primarily in North America, Australasia and Europe.