Entropion was the most common inherited eye disease in pugs.
Prevalences of Known and Presumed Inherited Eye Diseases in Pugs in Germany.
Carolin Lemle … Andrea Meyer-Lindenberg
Veterinary ophthalmology · 2026
Purpose
The aim of this retrospective study was to describe the prevalence and distribution of presumed inherited eye diseases in pugs in Germany and to evaluate potential risk factors for selected diseases.
Results
72.4%
nearly 3 in 4 pugs checked had an inward-turning eyelid
n = 294 pugs
More results
Based on anatomic location, 81.3% of pugs had at least one adnexal disorder and 41.5% at least one corneal disorder.
Increasing age was significantly associated with a higher probability of pigmentary keratopathy, keratoconjunctivitis sicca and hereditary cataract.
No significant association with sex was identified.
More results
Pugs in this German population were commonly affected by adnexal and corneal diseases.
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Conclusion
Further ophthalmic screening and prospective studies are warranted to better characterize presumed hereditary eye diseases of this breed, clarify inheritance patterns, and improve ocular welfare in pugs.