Field-scale occurrence and uptake of antibiotics in lettuce irrigated with reclaimed and conventional waters: risk assessment of treated wastewater reuse.

In Konya, Türkiye-a semi-arid agricultural region where 90% of water consumption is for irrigation.

Antibiotic levels in irrigation water and lettuce were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which identified 20 antibiotics and four metabolites.

Clarithromycin (CLA, 362.4-933.8 ng/L) dominated all water types.

Antibiotic accumulation was greater in leaves (651.52-1045.10 ng/g) than in roots (386.36-811.87 ng/g).