Assessing a large language model for glaucoma knowledge: ChatGPT-5 versus residents.

ChatGPT-5 outperformed ophthalmology residents on text-based glaucoma multiple-choice questions, indicating its potential as a subspecialty education and assessment tool.

Generalizability is limited by the single question bank, text-only items, a small resident cohort, and the evaluation of one large language model version at a single time point.

Before incorporating these findings into clinical decision-making, larger, multimodal, and longitudinal studies are required.