Integration of clinical information for identification of gangrenous or perforated appendicitis in children: a multicenter retrospective cohort study with external validation.

Acute complicated appendicitis in children is associated with substantial morbidity, including prolonged hospitalization, abscess formation, higher rates of surgical site infection, postoperative ileus, chronic abdominal pain, and increased need for reoperation.

This study aimed to identify reliable preoperative predictors of acute complicated appendicitis in childrenand to develop an accurate, clinically practical predictive nomogram.