Melinda Y. Chang - research works

Six studies were rated level I, and 9 studies were rated level III.

Most level III evidence studies (5/9) reported outcomes using tacrolimus drops or ointment.

Apart from application site discomfort, the studies reported no significant adverse events.

The studies included infants who were treated and followed over a 17-year period from 2006 through 2022 in 39 countries.

The most common neurodevelopmental test used was the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, used in 13 studies (50%).

The age at assessment ranged from 0 months corrected age to 12 years, where most studies (n = 14 [54%]) included testing of infants younger than 24 months of age.

Women more commonly encountered discrimination based on gender than men (73 of 108 [67.6%] vs 2 of 21 [9.5%]; difference, 58.1 percentage points [95% CI, 42.7-73.4 percentage points]; P < .001).

Among women, pregnancy (27 of 108 [25.0%]) and maternity (12 [11.1%)] were the most frequently cited bases of discrimination outside of gender.

Women (19 of 108 [17.6%]) reported discrimination due to race or ethnicity less frequently than men (13 of 21 [61.9%]; difference, -44.3 percentage points [95% CI, -66.3 to -22.3 percentage points]; P < .001).

All 33 articles (which reported results from 28 072 children) were rated level III.

Results from 28 072 children were reported, and most studies focused on children aged 6 years and younger.

Examination failure thresholds varied, but most studies after 2013 followed the 2013 American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS) guidelines.

For the 21 studies that reported the referral rate (percentage of children who failed based on the screening result), the rate varied significantly (2.26%-63%).

All studies showed less myopic progression, with changes in spherical equivalent (SE) ranging from 0.22 to 0.81 diopters (D) for multifocal soft contact lenses compared with 0.50 to 1.45 D in control groups who used single-vision spectacles or single-vision contact lenses over the course of at least 1 year.

The difference in change between the groups was clinically modest and statistically significant in 11 studies for SE and in all 12 studies for AL.

No serious adverse events were reported in any of the studies.