Non-Invasive Assessment of Perineural Invasion Density: A Novel Marker for Prognosis and Treatment Stratification in Prostate Cancer.

A deep learning model was developed in a primary cohort (n = 523) and validated in two external cohorts (n = 317, 251).

Notably, concurrent β-blocker use was significantly associated with favorable biochemical recurrence outcomes exclusively in the High-perineural invasion density subgroup (HR 0.32, 95% CI: 0.12-0.84, P = 0.021), with no benefit in the Non-High perineural invasion density population or with antimuscarinics.