Children in child protective services custody experience higher risk of intramuscular medication and physical restraints in a pediatric emergency department.

Children in child protective services custody had the highest cumulative incidence of receiving intramuscular medication or being physically restrained compared to children with a new child protective services report filed or children without any child protective services involvement after 72 hours (intramuscular medication: 17%, 6%, 5% respectively, p < 0.001, physical restraints: 8%, 4%, 3% respectively, p < 0.001).