Cardiac involvement across mucopolysaccharidosis subtypes: insights from a longitudinal single-center study.

Cardiac involvement is frequent and clinically significant in MPS. The left-sided cardiac pathology did not deteriorate during follow-up, whereas progression was observed in right-sided cardiac involvement.

Regular, systematic cardiac evaluation is essential in all MPS subtypes.

The findings also underscore the importance of genetic counseling in populations with high consanguinity to improve early diagnosis and guide long-term management strategies.