Comparative efficacy and safety of photobiomodulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in Alzheimer's disease: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

The primary outcome was global cognitive performance, assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (Mini-Mental State Examination) and the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog).

Secondary outcomes were feasibility and safety, evaluated by dropout rates and adverse events, respectively.

All three interventions improved global cognitive performance compared with control.

Photobiomodulation showed the highest estimated effects on both Mini-Mental State Examination (MD = 3.14, 95% CrI: 1.71 to 4.60) and ADAS-Cog (MD = - 8.01, 95% CrI: -12.82 to - 3.13).